Prerequisites for

Art of Computer Programming Volume 2, The: Seminumerical Algorithms
Knuth, Donald E. 1998, 3rd edition. 762 pages.
Categories: Mathematics, Programming, Reference
Having been called the "father of algorithms", Knuth is well respected for formalizing much of computer science. The Art of Programming Volume 2 explores topics relevant to cryptography, such as randomness (193 pages!), modular arithmetic, the Chinese remainder theorem, the extended Euclidian algorithm, factoring, prime numbers, and much more.
The book is becoming dated, in that there have been many advances in the mathematical/algorithmic topic areas covered in this book, and most books don’t write their source code examples in assembly language these days. However, it is still a phenomenal work.

Recommended prerequisite books:
N/A
Suggested mathematical background in:

-  Calculus
-  Graph Theory
-  Linear Algebra
-  Computational Complexity
-  Probability and Statistics
-  Group Theory
Suggested computer language experience:

-  assembly
-  C